The brainstem connects the brain to the spinal cord and helps control the body's most basic functions.
The medulla, at the base of the brainstem, controls vital automatic functions like breathing and heart rate, and works as long as you are alive.
The reticular activating system (RAS) in the brainstem regulates alertness and arousal, including how awake you are.
The brainstem is part of the reward system: key dopamine pathways that start there help motivate behavior and help us learn from rewarding experiences.
The cerebellum coordinates movement and balance and contributes to procedural learning, so practiced movements like skating or riding a bike become automatic.
The cerebellum looks like a little brain tucked underneath the back of the brain.
Key terms
brainstem
The part of the brain connecting it to the spinal cord; helps control the body's most basic functions.
medulla
Base of the brainstem; controls vital automatic functions such as breathing and heart rate.
reticular activating system (RAS)
Brainstem network that regulates alertness and arousal, including wakefulness (RAS: Rise and shine!).
reward system
Brain network involved in reward and motivation; some key dopamine pathways start in the brainstem.
cerebellum
"Little brain" at the lower back of the brain; coordinates movement and balance (think: fall, and the bell rings).
procedural learning
Learning movements that become more automatic with practice, like riding a bicycle or playing an instrument.
Watch out
The medulla handles breathing and heart rate; the cerebellum handles balance and coordination – don't swap them.